Rhetorical Précis – description and examples
In order to help us quickly and effectively describe the argument an author is making in a text, we will be utilizing a method of description called the rhetorical précis. Developed by Margaret Woodworth, [1] this method is designed to highlight key elements of the rhetorical situation, and help students with reading comprehension and treatment of source materials in their writing. We will use it often over the course of the semester.
This précis is a highly structured four-sentence paragraph that records the essential rhetorical elements in any spoken or written discourse. The précis includes the name of the speaker/writer(s), the context or situation in which the text is delivered, the major assertion, the mode of development for or support of the main idea, the stated and/or apparent purpose of the text, and the relationship between the speaker/writer(s) and the audience. The following is a breakdown of the information you should include in each one of the four sentences.
Example: British philosopher, John Stuart Mill, in his essay “On Nature” (1850), argues that using nature as a standard for ethical behavior is illogical. He supports this claim by first giving the common definitions as nature as, “all that exists or all that exists without the intervention of man” and then supplying extensive examples of the daily brutality of nature in the real world. His purpose is to call attention to the flaws in the “nature as a standard” argument in order to convince people to discard this standard and to instead use reason and logic to determine the appropriate ethical standard of action for mankind. He establishes a formal, scholarly tone for the reader of “Nature”—an audience of philosophers, educators, and other interested citizens.
Rhetorical Précis Frame (Must be typed)
1. (Author’s credentials), (author’s first and last name) in his/her (type of text), (title of text), published in (publishing info) addresses the topic of (topic of text) and argues that (argument).
2. He/she supports this claim by___________, then___________, then_____________, and finally____________.
3. (Author’s last name)’s purpose is to (author’s purpose in writing) in order to (change in reader/society the author wants to achieve).
4. He/she adopts a(n) __________ tone for his/her audience, the readers of (publication) and others interested in the topic of______________.
SAMPLE RHETORICAL PRECIS
EXAMPLE 1: “Sheridan Baker, in his essay "Attitudes" (1966), asserts that writers' attitudes toward their subjects, their audiences, and themselves determine to a large extent the quality of their prose. Baker supports this assertion by showing examples of how inappropriate attitudes can make writing unclear, pompous, or boring, concluding that a good writer "will be respectful toward his audience, considerate toward his readers, and somehow amiable toward human failings" (58). His purpose is to make his readers aware of the dangers of negative attitudes in order to help them become better writers. He establishes an informal relationship with his audience of college students who are interested in learning to write "with conviction"
NOTE that the first sentence identifies the author (Baker), the genre (essay), the title and date, and uses an active verb (asserts) and the relative pronoun that to explain what exactly Baker asserts. The second sentence explains the first by offering chronological examples from Baker's essay, while the third sentence suggests the author's purpose and WHY (in order to) he has set out that purpose (or seems to have set out that purpose -- not all essays are explicit about this information and readers have to put the pieces together). The final sentence identifies the primary audience of the essay (college students) and suggests how this audience is brought into/connected to the essay's purpose. (From http://english.ecu.edu/~wpbanks/eng8601/8601precis.html)
EXAMPLE 2:
1. Emeritus professor of economic and social history at Birkbeck, University of London, Erick J. Hobsbawm, in his article, “Spreading Democracy”, published in Foreign Policy (Sep./Oct. 2004) addresses the topic of western political hegemony and argues that the belief that western-style liberal democracy can be spread to the wider world through military coercion is “dangerous and illusory”.
2. He supports this claim by presenting three factors that confound even the best intentions of states that would spread democracy, then predicting how and why such attempts have failed and will continue to fail, then lays out a fundamental paradox that impugns democracy’s ability to organize transnational entities, and finally points out the danger of promoting a system to other political entities that is seriously flawed in its practice by the hegemon.
3. Hobsbawm’s purpose is to point out the limitations of liberal democracy in order to urge his readers to reject the assertions of ideologues who promote the enforcement of western “values” as international altruism.
4. He adopts a critical, authoritative, yet not overbearing (with hints of blackberry and leather) tone for his/her audience, the readers of (Foreign Policy) and others interested in the topic of geopolitics.
EXAMPLE 3:
1. Independent scholar, Indur M. Goklancy in a policy analysis for the Cato institute, argues that globalization has created benefits in overall “human well-being” by providing statistics that show how factors such as mortality rates, child labor, lack of education, and hunger have all decreased under globalization. His purpose is to show that the success of globalization should be judged by many measures of instead of just income inequality in order to rebut social critics of globalization. He establishes an objective, scientific tone to convince the readers of the Cato Institute, policy makers, and interested citizens that his view is the most informed and logical
EXAMPLE 4[2]: In her article "Who Cares if Johnny Can't Read?" (1997), Larissa MacFarquhar asserts that Americans are reading more than ever despite claims to the contrary and that it is time to reconsider why we value reading so much, especially certain kinds of "high culture" reading. MacFarquhar supports her claims about American reading habits with facts and statistics that compare past and present reading practices, and she challenges common assumptions by raising questions about reading's instrisic value. Her purpose is to dispel certain myths about reading in order to raise new and more important questions about the value of reading and other media in our culture. She seems to have a young, hip, somewhat irreverent audience in mind because her tone is sarcastic, and she suggests that the ideas she opposes are old-fashioned positions.
from Bean, John C., Virginia A. Chappell, and Alice M. Gillam. Reading Rhetorically, Brief Edition. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2004. p. 63.
EXAMPLE 5: Toni Morrison, in her essay "Disturbing Nurses and the Kindness of Sharks," implies that racism in the United States has affected the craft and process of American novelists. Morrison supports her implication by describing how Ernest Hemingway writes about black characters in his novels and short stories. Her purpose is to make her readers aware of the cruel reality of racism underlying some of the greatest works of American literature in order to help them examine the far-reaching effects racism has not only on those discriminated against but also on those who discriminate. She establishes a formal and highly analytical tone with her audience of racially mixed (but probably mainly white), theoretically sophisticated readers and critical interpreters of American literature. from http://www.wam.umd.edu/~sapinoso/precis.htm
EXAMPLE 6: Sandra M. Gilbert, professor of English at the University of California, Davis, in her essay “Plain Jane’s Progress” (1977), suggests that Charlotte Brontë intended Jane Eyre to resemble John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress in that Jane’s pilgrimage through a series of events based on the enclosure and escape motif eventually lead toward the equality that Brontë herself sought. Gilbert supports this conclusion by using the structure of the novel to highlight the places Jane has been confined, the changes she undergoes during the process of escape, and the individuals and experiences that lead to her maturation concluding that "this marriage of true minds at Ferndean – this is the way" (501). Her purpose is to help readers see the role of women in Victorian England in order to help them understand the uniqueness and daring of Brontë’s work. She establishes a formal relationship with her audience of literary scholars interested in feminist criticism who are familiar with the work of Brontë, Bunyan, Lord Byron and others and are intrigued by feminist theory as it relates to Victorian literature.
from http://www.winthrop.edu/english/core/success/precis.htm
Example 7: Charles S. Peirce's article, "The Fixation of Belief" (1877), asserts that humans have psychological and social mechanisms designed to protect and cement (or "fix") our beliefs. Peirce backs this claim up with descriptions of four methods of fixing belief, pointing out the effectiveness and potential weaknesses of each method.Peirce's purpose is to point out the ways that people commonly establish their belief systems in order to jolt the awareness of the reader into considering how their own belief system may the product of such methods and to consider what Peirce calls "the method of science" as a progressive alternative to the other three. Given the technical language used in the article, Peirce is writing to an well-educated audience with some knowledge of philosophy and history and a willingness to other ways of thinking. (from http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl201/modules/rhetorical-precis/sample/peirce_sample_precis_click.html
[1] Woodworth, Margaret K. "The Rhetorical Précis." Rhetoric Review 7 (1988): 156-164. "The Rhetorical Précis." Rhetoric Review 7 (1988): 156-164. Woodworth article reports significant success with her students at various levels, particularly in reading comprehension and preparation for using source materials in their own academic writing. The rhetorical précis is taken up in Reading Rhetorically, Brief Edition, Bean et al., New York: Pearson/Longman, 2004. p. 63..
[2] Examples 4-7 are from http://english.ecu.edu/~wpbanks/eng8601/8601precis.html.
In order to help us quickly and effectively describe the argument an author is making in a text, we will be utilizing a method of description called the rhetorical précis. Developed by Margaret Woodworth, [1] this method is designed to highlight key elements of the rhetorical situation, and help students with reading comprehension and treatment of source materials in their writing. We will use it often over the course of the semester.
This précis is a highly structured four-sentence paragraph that records the essential rhetorical elements in any spoken or written discourse. The précis includes the name of the speaker/writer(s), the context or situation in which the text is delivered, the major assertion, the mode of development for or support of the main idea, the stated and/or apparent purpose of the text, and the relationship between the speaker/writer(s) and the audience. The following is a breakdown of the information you should include in each one of the four sentences.
- Name of the author, a phrase describing the author, the type and title of the work, the date (in parenthesis), a rhetorically accurate verb (such as “assert,” “argue,” “suggest,” “imply,” “claim,” “question,” etc.) that describes what the author is doing in the text, and a THAT clause in which you state the major assertion (argument statement) of the author’s text.
- An explanation of how the author develops and/or supports the argument—the rhetorical structure of the text (for instance, comparing and contrasting, narrating, illustrating, defining, etc.). Your explanation is usually presented in the same chronological order that the items of support are presented in the work.
- A statement of the author’s apparent purpose, followed by an IN ORDER TO phrase in which you explain what the author wants the audience to do or feel as a result of reading the work.
- A description of the intended audience and/or the relationship the author establishes with the author.
Example: British philosopher, John Stuart Mill, in his essay “On Nature” (1850), argues that using nature as a standard for ethical behavior is illogical. He supports this claim by first giving the common definitions as nature as, “all that exists or all that exists without the intervention of man” and then supplying extensive examples of the daily brutality of nature in the real world. His purpose is to call attention to the flaws in the “nature as a standard” argument in order to convince people to discard this standard and to instead use reason and logic to determine the appropriate ethical standard of action for mankind. He establishes a formal, scholarly tone for the reader of “Nature”—an audience of philosophers, educators, and other interested citizens.
Rhetorical Précis Frame (Must be typed)
1. (Author’s credentials), (author’s first and last name) in his/her (type of text), (title of text), published in (publishing info) addresses the topic of (topic of text) and argues that (argument).
2. He/she supports this claim by___________, then___________, then_____________, and finally____________.
3. (Author’s last name)’s purpose is to (author’s purpose in writing) in order to (change in reader/society the author wants to achieve).
4. He/she adopts a(n) __________ tone for his/her audience, the readers of (publication) and others interested in the topic of______________.
SAMPLE RHETORICAL PRECIS
EXAMPLE 1: “Sheridan Baker, in his essay "Attitudes" (1966), asserts that writers' attitudes toward their subjects, their audiences, and themselves determine to a large extent the quality of their prose. Baker supports this assertion by showing examples of how inappropriate attitudes can make writing unclear, pompous, or boring, concluding that a good writer "will be respectful toward his audience, considerate toward his readers, and somehow amiable toward human failings" (58). His purpose is to make his readers aware of the dangers of negative attitudes in order to help them become better writers. He establishes an informal relationship with his audience of college students who are interested in learning to write "with conviction"
NOTE that the first sentence identifies the author (Baker), the genre (essay), the title and date, and uses an active verb (asserts) and the relative pronoun that to explain what exactly Baker asserts. The second sentence explains the first by offering chronological examples from Baker's essay, while the third sentence suggests the author's purpose and WHY (in order to) he has set out that purpose (or seems to have set out that purpose -- not all essays are explicit about this information and readers have to put the pieces together). The final sentence identifies the primary audience of the essay (college students) and suggests how this audience is brought into/connected to the essay's purpose. (From http://english.ecu.edu/~wpbanks/eng8601/8601precis.html)
EXAMPLE 2:
1. Emeritus professor of economic and social history at Birkbeck, University of London, Erick J. Hobsbawm, in his article, “Spreading Democracy”, published in Foreign Policy (Sep./Oct. 2004) addresses the topic of western political hegemony and argues that the belief that western-style liberal democracy can be spread to the wider world through military coercion is “dangerous and illusory”.
2. He supports this claim by presenting three factors that confound even the best intentions of states that would spread democracy, then predicting how and why such attempts have failed and will continue to fail, then lays out a fundamental paradox that impugns democracy’s ability to organize transnational entities, and finally points out the danger of promoting a system to other political entities that is seriously flawed in its practice by the hegemon.
3. Hobsbawm’s purpose is to point out the limitations of liberal democracy in order to urge his readers to reject the assertions of ideologues who promote the enforcement of western “values” as international altruism.
4. He adopts a critical, authoritative, yet not overbearing (with hints of blackberry and leather) tone for his/her audience, the readers of (Foreign Policy) and others interested in the topic of geopolitics.
EXAMPLE 3:
1. Independent scholar, Indur M. Goklancy in a policy analysis for the Cato institute, argues that globalization has created benefits in overall “human well-being” by providing statistics that show how factors such as mortality rates, child labor, lack of education, and hunger have all decreased under globalization. His purpose is to show that the success of globalization should be judged by many measures of instead of just income inequality in order to rebut social critics of globalization. He establishes an objective, scientific tone to convince the readers of the Cato Institute, policy makers, and interested citizens that his view is the most informed and logical
EXAMPLE 4[2]: In her article "Who Cares if Johnny Can't Read?" (1997), Larissa MacFarquhar asserts that Americans are reading more than ever despite claims to the contrary and that it is time to reconsider why we value reading so much, especially certain kinds of "high culture" reading. MacFarquhar supports her claims about American reading habits with facts and statistics that compare past and present reading practices, and she challenges common assumptions by raising questions about reading's instrisic value. Her purpose is to dispel certain myths about reading in order to raise new and more important questions about the value of reading and other media in our culture. She seems to have a young, hip, somewhat irreverent audience in mind because her tone is sarcastic, and she suggests that the ideas she opposes are old-fashioned positions.
from Bean, John C., Virginia A. Chappell, and Alice M. Gillam. Reading Rhetorically, Brief Edition. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2004. p. 63.
EXAMPLE 5: Toni Morrison, in her essay "Disturbing Nurses and the Kindness of Sharks," implies that racism in the United States has affected the craft and process of American novelists. Morrison supports her implication by describing how Ernest Hemingway writes about black characters in his novels and short stories. Her purpose is to make her readers aware of the cruel reality of racism underlying some of the greatest works of American literature in order to help them examine the far-reaching effects racism has not only on those discriminated against but also on those who discriminate. She establishes a formal and highly analytical tone with her audience of racially mixed (but probably mainly white), theoretically sophisticated readers and critical interpreters of American literature. from http://www.wam.umd.edu/~sapinoso/precis.htm
EXAMPLE 6: Sandra M. Gilbert, professor of English at the University of California, Davis, in her essay “Plain Jane’s Progress” (1977), suggests that Charlotte Brontë intended Jane Eyre to resemble John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress in that Jane’s pilgrimage through a series of events based on the enclosure and escape motif eventually lead toward the equality that Brontë herself sought. Gilbert supports this conclusion by using the structure of the novel to highlight the places Jane has been confined, the changes she undergoes during the process of escape, and the individuals and experiences that lead to her maturation concluding that "this marriage of true minds at Ferndean – this is the way" (501). Her purpose is to help readers see the role of women in Victorian England in order to help them understand the uniqueness and daring of Brontë’s work. She establishes a formal relationship with her audience of literary scholars interested in feminist criticism who are familiar with the work of Brontë, Bunyan, Lord Byron and others and are intrigued by feminist theory as it relates to Victorian literature.
from http://www.winthrop.edu/english/core/success/precis.htm
Example 7: Charles S. Peirce's article, "The Fixation of Belief" (1877), asserts that humans have psychological and social mechanisms designed to protect and cement (or "fix") our beliefs. Peirce backs this claim up with descriptions of four methods of fixing belief, pointing out the effectiveness and potential weaknesses of each method.Peirce's purpose is to point out the ways that people commonly establish their belief systems in order to jolt the awareness of the reader into considering how their own belief system may the product of such methods and to consider what Peirce calls "the method of science" as a progressive alternative to the other three. Given the technical language used in the article, Peirce is writing to an well-educated audience with some knowledge of philosophy and history and a willingness to other ways of thinking. (from http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl201/modules/rhetorical-precis/sample/peirce_sample_precis_click.html
[1] Woodworth, Margaret K. "The Rhetorical Précis." Rhetoric Review 7 (1988): 156-164. "The Rhetorical Précis." Rhetoric Review 7 (1988): 156-164. Woodworth article reports significant success with her students at various levels, particularly in reading comprehension and preparation for using source materials in their own academic writing. The rhetorical précis is taken up in Reading Rhetorically, Brief Edition, Bean et al., New York: Pearson/Longman, 2004. p. 63..
[2] Examples 4-7 are from http://english.ecu.edu/~wpbanks/eng8601/8601precis.html.